Differenciates among simple past, past perfect, and present perfect.

Simple Past

Pattern Subject + tobe (was, were)+.....

       Subject + Verb II

Uses

a. Completed Action in the Past.

It’s used when we want to express an action started and finished at specific time in the past.

Example: 

They celebrated the party last Saturday night.

This sentence means that the situation started at Saturday night and finished at Saturday night too (in the past)

b. A Series of Completed Actions.

It’s used when we want to express more than one action as a completed action in the past.

Example:

I went to the Beach, swam with my friend, and sun bathed for a while.

It expresses that the series of action happened in one day in the past.

c. Duration in Past

It’s used when we want to express a situation within a duration in the past. The action is started and stopped in the past.

Example:

My Parents stayed in a Hotel for five days.

It expresses that the Parents started and stopped the action during five days in the past.

d. Habits in the Past

It’s used when we want to express habit which was done in the past.

Example:

She usually played “Dakon” when she was a child.

It tells us that the habit happened when she was a child and not to be done when she was teenager or adult.

e. Past Fact or Generalization.

It’s used when we want to express a fact which happened in the past , and the fact only took place in the past.

Example:

Nenesh was Vero’s Boyfriend, but now they break up.

It tells us that Nenesh became vero’s boyfriend but now the fact is “Nenesh is not Vero’s boyfriend”.

Past Perfect

a. Subject + had + been + ......

b. Subject + had + V III + .......

Uses

a. Completed Action Before Something in the Past.

It's used when we want to express the idea that something occured before another action in the past.

Example:

She got 1 millions dollars because she had won the contest.

It tells us that "She had won the contest" occured before "She got 1 millions dollars".

b. Duration before something in the past.

It's used when we want to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.

Example:

She had had a laptop for two years, before it was stolen.

It tells us the duration before something happened in the past.

c. Specific time with past perfect.

Unlike with the present perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the past perfect. 

Although this is possible, It's usually not necessary. 

Example:

He had visited his parents once in 2011 before he moved in with them in 2013.

Moreover

If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the simple past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The word "before" or "after" actually tell us what happens first,  so the past perfect is optional. 

Examples:

a. He had visited his parents once in 2011 before he moved in with them in 2013.

b. He visited his parents once in 2011 before he moved in with them in 2013.

"Both sentences above are correct" 

However

If the past perfect is not reffering to an action at a specific time, past perfect is not optional.

Example:

She never saw a bear before she moved to alaska. (not correct)

She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. (correct)  

Here past perfect is reffering to a lack of experience rather that an action at a specific time. For this reason, simple past can not be used.

Present Perfect

Pattern : Subject + Have / Has + V II + ....

Uses

a. Unspecific time before now.

It’s used when we want to express something happened at an unspecific time before now. It’s not allowed to use specific time in this case.

Example:

They have traveled to Bali two times.

It happened before now but it doesn’t mention the specific time.

b. Experience

It’s used to express the experiences but it can not be used to describe a specific event.

Example:

She has been to London.

This sentence means that she has had the experience of being in London. May be she has been there once or several times.

c. Change over time.

• It’s used when we want to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

Example:

My English has  really improved since I studied English in English Department. 

This sentence means that I have had a change in improvement of English because I studied in English Department.

d. Accomplishments.

We often use the present perfect to list accomplishments of individuals and humanity. We can not mention a specific time.

Example:

Doctors have cured the diseases.

e. An uncompleted action we are expecting.

We use the present perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened, we are still waiting for the action to happen.

Example:

John hasn’t graduated from English Department, but he can communicate english well.

f. Multiple action at different times.

We use present perfect to talk several different actions which have occured in the past at different times.

Example:

White has attacked native america many times.

The process of attacking is not complete and more action are possible.

g. Duration from the past until now.

It’s used when we want to use present perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now.

Example:

She has been in England for six months.

The sentence tells us that she still lives in England until now.

NOTICE:

“Last year” and “in the last year” are very different in meaning. “Last year” means the year before now, and it is considered a spesific time which requires simple past. “in the last year” means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires present perfect.

Example:

a. I have been to mexico in the last year.

b. I have been to mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.

Kartu Jakarta Sehat

Governor of Jakarta, Joko Widodo, launched the Jakarta Healthy Card ( Kartu Jakarta Sehat) for 1.7 million citizens in Jakarta. The launching of Kartu Jakarta Sehat is a good program from goverment to citizens in Jakarta.

Firstly,  the card will give benefit for poor citizens to get their right. Many mass media had reported that poor citizens has a little chance to be hospitalized because they do not have enough money to pay the administration. For example, on 19 January 2013, Ruslan, a child without anus from Kampung Melayu, East Jakarta, had been rejected twice in the hospital. This condition is realy ironic. “Poor citizens are not allowed to be sick”, this term symbolize the discrimination in society. By doing the program of Kartu Jakarta Sehat, it will be the next step to help the poor citizens to get their right for getting better life. 

Secondly, this card will help to improve the rate of health in Jakarta. Health level of  Jakarta today is still considered low or far from expectations especially for people who live in slums environment. People who live in slum environment, most of them are poor citizens, they are susceptible to diseases. When they are affected by a disease, they have no reason to not to go for medical treatment because there is a card that help them to cut down the administration. This condition will eventually rise the rate of health in Jakarta.

Finally, based on what we are discussed above, the launching of Kartu Jakarta Sehat is good to help the poor citizens and to improve the rate of health in Jakarta. 

Election of New Governor in Central Java

Central Java will have an election of the governor next 26 May 2013. This election will be participated by 3 candidates. They come from different parties with different mission and vision. The candidate are Bibit Waluyo - Sudijono Sastroatmojo, Ganjar Pranowo - Heru Sdjatmoko, dan Hadi Prabowo - Don Murdono. The Election in this period, it seems that lost interest. There are many reason why the society is not interest to the election. Some of reasons that we will disscuss about are the lack of popularity and the bad socialization.

First, popularity of someone will effect the result of voting. As we know that Indonesia consist of many people with different background of ethnic, so does Java especially in the region of Central Java. That’s why  it’s difficult to accept people who actually we don’t know at all. The popularity of 3 candidates is low in the society based on the result of survey by Media Survei Nasional. The survey is done on 26 March 2013 to 3 April 2013 with 1200 respondents. It shows that the popularity of candidates is still low.

Second, socialization is used as a guidance to those people who vote the candidate. The socialization is not only how to be voted but also how they can introduce themeselve to the all generations both old and young people (people who are ready to vote). Young People, they should get more information regarding to the candidates even they can get it from the Internet or other mass media by themselve but the candidates should take a step to give the socialization  more better to convince the young people. They are new participants who actually do not know at all about the election and just have a little attention to the election. The good socialization will impact the result of votiing.

Finally, the conclusion is that the election will take interest of people based on the reasons above, the popularity and the socialization. They are the common problem that actually the candidates should notice to get the better result.

Analyzing a poem When I Was One and Twenty

“When I was One – and Twenty”

WHEN I was one-and-twenty
I heard a wise man say,
‘Give crowns and pounds and guineas
But not your heart away;
Give pearls away and rubies	5
But keep your fancy free.’
But I was one-and-twenty,
No use to talk to me.
When I was one-and-twenty
I heard him say again,	10
‘The heart out of the bosom
Was never given in vain;
’Tis paid with sighs a plenty
And sold for endless rue.’
And I am two-and-twenty,	15
And oh, ’tis true, ’tis true.

 (A. E. Housman (1859–1936) )

Summary:

This poem is written by A.E housman. This poem is about telling what hapenned to the speaker when he was twenty years old. This poem tells us that the speaker was being given some advices from a wise man who told him that the ability of love is more valuable than the material objects, the speaker should not give love too freely to everyone. But, the speaker seems did not notice the advice and at the end he regret with it. 


Analysis:

In the first stanza, it clearly explains us that the speaker was in 21 years old, it is marked on sentence “ when i was one -  and twenty”. The speaker also tells us that he was given some advices by a wise man that asked him (the speaker) to better lose the money than lose one’s heart or love. It means that we should not give our heart away. The money is symbolization from “Give crowns, pounds, and guineas”. The wise man also told to him that heart is important than the other. It is explained in a sentence “ Give pearls away and rubies but keep your fancy free”. It also shows us, we better to lose jewelry or valuable things rather than our heart. Fancy free refers to something valuable. But- unfortunatley the speaker did not notice the wise man’s advices because he (speaker) thought that he (speaker) is a young man who was inhabit of listening of advices from the other, he want to be free to enjoy his life. It is marked on the sentence“ No use to talk to me”.

In the second stanza, the speaker tells us that he was warned by a wise man more than once. It is marked on the sentence “ I heard him say again”. A wise man said to him that love or heart is important thing and never give up too freely to everyone. If the speaker do not hear the advices from a wise man, he will regret and feel sorrow. One year older, or when the speaker was in twenty two years old, he realized that the advice from the wise man is true. The word “oh” in the last line refers to regret and sorrow.

Theme :
Morality. It talks about the advice from wise man to young man but young man did not appreciate it.

Meter :
The poem uses Iambic tetramemter with some catalexis in the end of foot of the line.

Stanza lines : Octave

The structure :  The poem consists of two stanzas, each stanza consists of 8 lines.

Repetition : “when I was one and twenty”. It is repetition of line. 

Alliteration : “...Tis true...” there is repetition of sound “T” in the same line .

Symbolic :  Crowns, pounds, guineas = money
           Pearls, rubies         = Jewelry

Imagery         : Auditory Imagery “ I heard wise man ...”

Analyzing Poem When You Are Old by William Butler Yeats

When You Are Old

When you are old and grey and full of sleep, 1
And nodding by the fire, take down this book,         2
And slowly read, and dream of the soft look, 3
Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep, 4

How many loved your moment of glad grace,         5
And love your beauty with love false or true, 6
But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you,         7
And love the sorrows of your changing face; 8

And bending down beside the glowing bars, 9
Murmur, a little sadly, how love fled,        10
And paced upon the mountains overhead        11
And hid his face amid a crowd of stars.        12

( William Butler Yeats)



Introduction

The poem is one of the experience of the speaker (william butler yeats). This literary work was dedicated to someone whom he loved at that time. He was deeply in love with a girl, Maude Gonne,  and although Gonne did not return his love, she became a closed friend to him. Most of the poems in the collection were written for or about Gonne such as this poem, when you are old. The major theme which yeats used to his literary work especially in the poem of ‘when you are old’ is about aging. It is marked by the image of an older Maud Gonne (the woman with whom Yeats was in love) in the poem ‘ when you are old ’. The genre of this poem is romanticism.

Biography of William Butler Yeats

William Butler Yeats was born in County Dublin on June 13, 1865. He moved with his family to London at a young age and came back to Dublin again when he was fifteens. He studied in Metropolitan School of Art. Yeats' early poetry focuses on ancient Irish epics as well as the contemporary nationalist movement that was gaining force in Ireland. In 1889, Yeats met the love of his life, an Irish named Maude Gonne. Unfortunately, Maude did not return his love, and after refusing his marriage proposals three times, she married Major John MacBridge in 1903. What inspired Yeats to write the poem ‘when you are old’  is someone whom he loves, Maude Gonne.

Summary

The poem tells us that the speaker (William Butler Yeats) told to a woman who is old and having not power to do anything, she just slept over to spend her life and doing lazy time in a house. It is marked on the sentence “ old and grey”.Yeats asked her to read a book that refers to memories of her youth in order to remember what happened with them ( Yeats and Old woman), recalling the days when he (Yeats)  was in her life and very much in love with her (old woman).

The speaker asked to the old woman to remember how many people loved her when she was younger but only one man loved her as she grew older and he is Yeats itself. It gives understanding that when old woman was a younger, Yeats was so in love with her but he was refused to be her boyfriend and she prefered to choose another boy rather than Yeats. However yeats still kept his love to her until the woman grew older and the face was changing not to be beautiful again.

This poem also tells us that the speaker remains the old woman how  patiently him wait her for long time until she grew older and became less beautiful. Yeats regret why the old woman did not accept him as a boyfriend but choose the other. He was ignored and forgotten.

Theme :

This poem uses theme “love”. It tells us about the condition when the speaker was younger and was in love with someone.

Rhyme scheme : A B B A

Meter : This poem uses iambic pentameter . Iambic ,the poem is started by unstressed and followed by stressed, two syllables. Pentameter, the poem consist of five foots.

Imagery :  the poem uses organic imagery. Organic imagery is marked on the sentence “ slowly read....”, it gives understanding about gesture of reading.

Symbol : 

Book is symbol of memories of youth. Stars is symbol of people who love old woman but not Yeats.

Methapor :

Book is described as a memories.

Tourism

Hello every one, I just want to share you how to make leaflet in tourism object.

Actually there are two kind of leaflet in tourism. They are Informative and Persuasive. Let's discuss each kind of leaflet here. First, Informative lealflet, basically used for informing tourist about some places of interest. It usually inform how to get to the tourist site, what kind of public transport is avaliable, the entrance fee to the tourist location, and the last but not at least, the public facilities are provided in the location. The language when you want to make informative leaflet is called informative language. That's a little information about informative leaflet and let's discuss the second lealfet, it is persuasive lealflet or we can call it promotion. Basically, it is used to persuade tourists to visit some places of interest. The language that's used has special aim to 'sell' the tourism products. The language which is used to promote tourist is called persuasive language. So, that''s all about leaflet. and now i will give you pictures to describe what the different between them. Let's see :) 

First,, it is informative leaflet. you can see the elements that include in this leaflet .... 

Second, it is persuasive leaflet you can analyse it by your self based on what we discuss above..

Remember in this leaflet you have to use magic word in order to persuade the tourist to come to the tourist attractions .

THANK YOU 

The Analysis of Uncle Tom's Cabin

Title                 : Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Author                        : Harriet Beecher Stowe

Retold by        : Brett Thomas

Plot :

This story uses closed - plot which is explained from the beginning to the ending chronologically .

1.       Exposition

Having run up large debts , A Kentucky farmer named Mr. Shelby decided to sell two Slaves in  their house to pay all the debts to slave – trader , Haley. He signed the letter agreements with the slave -trader. The slaves that were going to be sold at that time were Uncle Tom, an old slave with a wife and children in the farm, and Harry , the young son of shelby’s maid Eliza.  Mr.Shelby was a kind person and always treat the servants in a good way but at that time He was so confused about his debts so he decided to sell his two slaves. Mr.Shelby told his wife about his decision to sell the slaves .She was shock and angry hearing it because  She had promised Eliza that She would never sell her slave and she would never seperate the son from the mother .

2.       Raising Action

Eliza overheard the conversation between Mr.Shelby and his wife about selling the  slaves . She came to Uncle Tom’s cabin and told everything she heard about selling the slaves to Uncle tom and his wife, Aunt Chloe. She warned them and tried to leave Kentucky to the north and She hoped that She would find her husband in Canada and got freedom with him there. Eliza brought her son and run towards the Ohio river the Boundary separating Kentucky from the north. She crossed the half - frozen river by jumping to one ice block to another without any footwears. She could do that because of the power of love to his son. Meanwhile , Haley the slave- trader hired a slave hunter to bring Eliza and her son back to Kentucky .Eliza and her son arrived at the big house of rich family . They took a rest a while there before the owner of the big house brought eliza and her son to a place where she could get freedom in a Quaker Community . Quakers would help Eliza to transport her to safety.

At the same time , Uncle Tom was in the boat to be transported to a slave market by The Slave – Trader , Haley. Uncle Tom Left his beloved wife and his children and also his closed friend , Mas’r George ,Shelby’s young son . On the boat , Tom met a little  white girl who was very kind to him . Her name was Eva, Evangeline St. Clare. Eva asked her father, Augustine St. Clare, to buy Uncle Tom from the slave – trader . Her father decided to buy Tom and brought Tom together with Eva to the New Orleans where Tom got new work with his new master.

3.       Climax

Up north , Eliza and George had tried to escape from the Slave Hunters , Tom Loker and Marks. Tom Loker was succeed in searching Eliza . George, eliza’s husband , Shot Tom Loker in the side and Marks run off leaving his friend . Eliza told to Her husband to bring Tom Loker to the next settlement , where he could be healed.Meanwhile , in the new orleans Tom’s new master discussed to manage his house with his older cousin , Ophelia.

After Tom had lived with St. Clare for two years , Evangeline grew very ill . She slowly weakens , and then died . Before her death , She learned about bible from Uncle Tom . She aslo gave her cutting hair to all of the servants in order to always remember her Master. Her death brought a sadness to everyone who knew her including Tom . As his promised to Eva that he would set Tom free , Augustine decided to give a freedom to the Tom . However , before he could act on his decision  ,St.Clare was dead when tried to settle a brawl . St.Clare’s wife who was cruel , Marie , Sold Tom the Cotton Plantation owner named Simon Legree. Legree was a cruel slave- owner.Legree took a strong dislike to Tom when Tom refused him to whip the fellow slave as his ordered. Tom received a severe beating . Cassy , one of the slaves in Legree’s plantation , tried to helped Tom by giving him a bottle of water. She told many things to uncle Tom that she was purchased to use as a sex slave by Legree five years ago before Tom came to the plantation.Emmeline was the young woman who replacing Cassy as a sex slave .

One day , Cassy  and Emmeline escaped from the Legree’s plantation . Legree was angry and asked his foremen to catch them but they couldn’t find them at all . Legree asked Tom where Cassy and Emmeline had gone . Tom refused to tell to him about their escaping . Legree got angry of him and whip him for many times . When Tom was near death , Mas’r George arrived with money to buy Tom back to Kentucky .Unfortunately , He was too late . Uncle Tom was already died at that time because of severe beating from Legree.

4.       Falling Action

Cassy and Emmeline took a boat towards  freedom .On the boat Cassy met George Harris’s sister , Emily de Thoux, and travel with her to Canada where cassy realized that Eliza was her long- lost daughter.  After they had arrived at Canada , They met Eliza and George and lived together with them . George had a good job and Eliza had given birth to a baby daughter. Their son Harry was doing very well at school . Emily had married with a rich man and had enough money to shared with her brother and his family. They all decided to go to France .

5.       Resolution

George Shelby returned to the Kentucky after his journey to get Tom back . He told to Aunt Chloe that he was too late because Tom had gone to a better place . Mrs. Shelby cried but Chloe made no sound . A month later George called all the servants . He would to set them all free. He brought a pile of paper , certificates which gave them of freedom . He urged them to think on Tom’s sacrifice every time they look at his cabin . He wanted all the servants to remember uncle Tom whenever they rejoiced in their  freedom and he wanted all the servants tobe as good and honest Christians as Tom was.

·         Characters in Novel of  “Uncle Tom’s Cabin “

·         Mr.Shelby                           : He was salve- Owner. He was the master of Uncle Tom in Kentucky. He was                                     ellegant man .

·         Mrs.Shelby (Emily)          : She was Mr.Shelby’s Wife .He was kind woman and she loved her all slaves                                      very much .She didn’t want to sell the slave to the slave-trader.

·         Haley                     : He was slave-trader

·         Uncle Tom                          : He was hard-working ,reliable , honest , and good slave. He was religious                                           man , he liked to help the others even he was in danger. He was chritian                                             nigger. 

·         Harry                     : He was Eliza’s son . He had brown skin .He was very handsome and Had big                                      ,dark eyes and shinny , curly black hair.

·         Eliza                       : She was a beautiful young light skinned woman .She is Harry’s mother and                                       She got married with a man named Goerge Harris . She loved her son very                                   much and she protected his child from the slave trader. She would do                                                             anything to save the Son . She had Strong , religious character.

·         George Harris    : He was kind person . He was Eliza’s husband . He was hard working . He                                              was intellegent man . He had invented a machine that made easily to clean                                  cotton.

·         Mr. Harris                            : He was cruel and Hard Slave Owner. He was the master of George Harris.

·         Aunt Chloe                         : She was Uncle Tom’s wife . She was a cook in Mr.Shelby’s House . She was                                       hard working and religious woman .

·         Mas’r George    : He was the son of Mr. Shelby. He was a kind person . He had tought Uncle                                        Tom to write a letter. He was best friend of Uncle Tom .

·         Sam                       : He was on of the servants in Shelby’s house who tried to help Eliza                                                       escaping from the slave trader , Haley.

·         Mr.Symmer                        : He was a farmer who lived near The Shelbys . He helped Eliza to climb up                                           over the grassy river bank when she wanted to escape from the slave                                                  trader.

·         Tom Loker                           : He was a big , hard looking man with a dirty , black beard and cruel eyes.                                            He hated black people . He helped Haley to catch Eliza and her son.

·         Marks                   : He was small , thin with sharp eyes and a crooked smile that showed his                                             few remaining teeth tobe yellow and brown . He was Tom loker’s friend                                       when tried to look for Eliza and her son .

·         Mr.Bird                 : He was a member of the senate in Washinton D.C , the Capital of US . He                                           was not a cold-hearted man .

·          Mrs. Bird                             : She was a very quite little lady who very rarely lost control of her feelings .                                        She hated Cruelty.

·         Cudjoe                 : He was the servant in Mr.Bird’s house.

·         John Van Trompe            : He was a man who protect a mother and child from slave-catchers. He was                                       a big man with a big heart. He had bought some lands in Ohio, gave all his                                            slaves letters of freedom and let them live and work as free people on the                                       new land.

·         Rachel                   : She was on of the Quaker women .

·         Simeon Holliday                : He was a big strongman in Quaker Coomunity.

·         Rurth                     : She was Simeon’s wife .

·         Evangeline St. Clare: She was a daughter from the wealthy St. Clare Family of New Orleans. She                                                was pretty . She had a serious look on her face as she listened to the                                                     conversations of the older people. She was kind and Loved all her servants in                                    her house.

·         St.Clare / Augustine: He was a rich man . He was Evangeline’s father . He was kind person . He                                   had bought Tom from the slave trader to become his servant in his house                                    . He loved his daughter very much . He did everything to make her daughter                                                happy.

·         Marie                    :She was Evangeline’s Mother. She was hard woman . She was cruel to her                                         servants . She hated the nigger that worked at her house .

·         Ophelia                                : She was Agustine’s older cousin . She was fourty – five years old and had                                          never married. She was a tall slim woman , neat , and tidy and always                                                     dressed in plain practical clothes. She hated laziness , wasting time and                                                       people who did things for no reason and without an aim.

·         Mammy                               : She was one of the servants in Augusitine St. Clare’s House . Evangeline                                             usually called the old woman servant with Mammy. She loved Evangeline                                            very much .

·         Phineas Fletcher              : He is one of the Quakers Comunity . He was alert and sharp eyed.

·         Dinah                    : She was a cook in the Evangeline’s House .

·         Topsy                    : She was a little servant girl in St.Clare’s House . She was not very well liked                                        by the other servant because she was always stealing things from the                                                         house.

·         Mr.Simon Legree             : He was a hard looking man with strong shoulders , a round, bald head and                                         very cruel eyes. He was the owner of a cotton plantation up the red river.

·         Emmeline                            : She was a young girl . She had been bought by Mr. Simon to use as a sex                                            slave .

·         Cassy                     : She was a woman who worked at Simon legree’s plantation. She had been                                       purchased to use a sex slaver by Simon Legree before Emmeline Came                                                 replacing her.  She was Eliza’s mother who had been seperated for along                                   time.

·         Emily de Thoux : She was George Harris’s Brother sister who had been seperated for along                                         time .

Point of View

The author used “Third person point of view” and it showed from the way the author introduce all characters by mentioning the name.

Setting

·         On a cold day in February . In small Kentcuky town .

·         In New Orleans

Theme

The Slavery and Humanity